°The health of the body politic
There are few more glaring illustrations of the inability to think health and immunity without recourse to borders than recent proposals by the Prime Minister to bar people who are HIV+ (and those who have leprosy) from migrating or traveling to Australia.
Following the charging of someone who was HIV+ with endangering public safety, and subsequent suggestions that the health bureaucracy failed in its duties, the relevent Minister, Bronwyn Pike, claimed that the rise in HIV infection rates, from 16 in 2004 to 70 in 2006, was somehow due to migration.
As it turns out, most of those ‘migrants’ were from interstate, and a proportion of those diagnosed with HIV while overseas were Australian-born. In short, only nine of the seventy were from overseas - some of whom contracted the infection while in AU.
With increasingly flagging polls in the lead up to an election, and despite recommendations from both the federal ministers of health and migration against the suggestion, the Prime Minister’s initial turn away from proposals to ban HIV+ migrants in April has been revived, and those with leprosy have been added to the list.
But the coincidence of homophobia (the first person charged with a similar crime was heterosexual) and xenophobia, and its slide to the apparently more self-evident (and acceptable) affective landscape of the latter, has raised a couple of interesting points.
First, it’s not uncommon for those with HIV, or indeed any other chronic health issue or disability, to already be barred from entry to AU. Immigration law already provides for discrimination on these grounds, though often drafted as fiscal criteria. Which means that the PM’s statements are, for the most part, symbolic - though not without concrete effects.
Second, and given the above, lawyers working around HIV/AIDS issues have noted that while migration law allows for discrimination, there may nevertheless be grounds to charge the PM with vilification, under specifically anti-vilification laws.
But that, of course, remains to be played out - and is possibly not the most interesting aspect at work here, even as the concrete effects of declaring migrants to be carriers of disease can oftentimes run to violence and abuse.
One has to go to Pauline Hanson to give the symbolic its crudely-drawn content:
Last December Ms Hanson, who is contemplating a political comeback, said: “We’re bringing in people from south Africa at the moment, there’s a huge amount coming into Australia, who have diseases, they’ve got AIDS. “They are of no benefit to this country whatsoever, they’ll never be able to work … yet no-one is saying or doing anything about it.” [emphasis added, via]
Now, to be very clear on this, of those nine (out of 70) mentioned earlier, the smallest proportion were actually from Africa, and it’s not clear where they contracted the infection. And DIMIA already discriminates against prospective migrants with HIV.
But these figures are not the point, since there are already HIV+ people in AU - the border is, the sense that the border is what keeps one safe, healthy.
And, moreover, what is defined as safe and healthy is that which makes it possible to labour, and for that labour to be accounted for as part of the national accounts (in turn, defined as as the index of ‘the national health’).
And here, it all pivots around the redirection of affect. Anger at overwork, anger at ‘Workchoices’, might be turned, it is hoped, into resentment at those who cannot, those who are foreign to both work and who cannot be accounted for.
This, and not reactionary anachronism, is what Howard’s pitch is founded on. It may not be effective, but it is a pitch for these times, however much it recalls National Socialism’s attempts to purge/exclude the ’superfluous’ and ‘parasitical’. It takes place in a context where there is overwork, but people cannot for the most part, think the possibility of working less without significant drops in income - that is, they cannot think the possibility of being paid more, of demanding a higher income. It takes place in a context where healthcare is increasingly privatised, expensive, individuated.
Here, the border is a way in which those are thought to be eternal conditions (unable to be changed) while providing an outlet for anger and resentment at them, in the form of the figure of the lazy, disease-spreading black person.
The skin of the border
T some point last year I spent a bit of time flicking through the health requirements placed on getting visas to Australia. It was in response to a student of mine, who told me in class that while she had been granted the temporary visa she needed to s…
Wildly Parenthetical [June 4, 2007 @ 1:03 pm]
Both the Australian Government, and the colonial authorities which preceded it, have long managed the entry of human cargo to Australia, in part, on ‘health’ grounds, and to exclude the least profitable of its many forms on that basis. Under the bounty system of NSW in the 1830s and 1840s, for example, shipping agents received no filthy lucre for anyone found on arrival to be ‘disabled’ or otherwise unemployable. Personally, I wouldn’t mind the addition of a few more lazy, disease-spreading black persons to the festering multi-cultural brew that is contemporary Melbourne; but then again, maybe that’s just the result of me and my English, German and Swedish football hooligan mates drinking too much piss while waiting for orders from HQ in Wellington.
@ndy [June 6, 2007 @ 1:52 am]
Unrelated to immigration and Australia, but in Canada HIV positive people are required to disclose their condition to potential sexual partners. Failure to disclose can result in charges ranging from aggravated assault to, I would imagine, attempted murder or even murder. Rather than deriving from homophobia - at least initially - the law relates to a HIV positive man who wanted to get back at women (I believe he contracted it from a prostitute) by attempting to infect as many women as possible. The other two recent cases are likewise involving heterosexuals.
Having said that, the post was quite interesting!
Craig [June 6, 2007 @ 2:51 am]
Craig - I think it’s similar here, both in terms of the law of disclosure and the pattern of charges laid under that law. But it took the charging of a gay man to produce, if not the outright panic of its subsequent segue into xenophobia, then at least lurid reportage and calls for a more stringent state response.
Andy, that’s interesting about the shipping agents. A very precise accounting of value.
s0metim3s [June 6, 2007 @ 11:51 am]
However, I see there is presently a trial against a woman who immigrated from Hong Kong who, it turns out, is HIV positive. She tested positive in Hong Kong, but negative during her application to immigrate to Canada. She’s charged for her relationship with her husband - criminal negligence and aggravated assault.
Craig [June 6, 2007 @ 11:58 am]
Hi s0metim3s. As I recall, that case was also accompanied by a great deal of hysteria surrounding sexual practices within the local gay community; in particular, the alleged organisation of parties (both by the accused and, apparently, others) in which individuals in attendance were provided with a number of opportunities to convert a negative into a positive. Anyways, further to physical jerks for the body politic, there’s also the possibility of HIV+ folks, if not being barred entry, then still facing the prospect of having their diseased movements across this sunburnt country, once past border control, traced by the authorities.
http://buggery.org/2007/05/11/plan-to-track-hiv-positive-visitors/
@ndy [June 6, 2007 @ 8:04 pm]
Yes, lurid. And this suggestion of tracking has to be seen as an extension (’internalisation’ and mobility) of border policing techniques - and, like Matthew remarked elsewhere, not a question of civil liberties but the very distinctions of the civil/uncivil as they play out in the composition of labour markets (or markets in labour), value (and non-value).
s0metim3s [June 9, 2007 @ 12:38 pm]